套袋对红富士苹果色素及糖、酸含量的影响

 以苹果(Malus pumila) ‘长富2’品种为试材, 研究了套袋对果皮色素及果肉糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明, 套袋果果皮色素、可溶性糖、可滴定酸具有同对照果基本相同的消长规律, 但含量均始终低于对照; 摘袋后果实可溶性糖含量迅速升高, 且花青苷积累速度明显快于对照; 套袋主要降低了果实中山梨醇和蔗糖的含量, 果糖和葡萄糖降低幅度相对较小。     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

低温胁迫下S-诱抗素拌种对玉米生理指标的影响

为探讨S-诱抗素在低温胁迫下对玉米(Zea mays)的生理调控作用,选用‘大丰30号’玉米种子为材料,S-诱抗素不同有效成分剂量(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/kg)包衣玉米种子,玉米出苗后使用培养箱模拟低温环境,待玉米长至三叶期,测定玉米幼苗生物学性状、根系活力、叶绿素含量和叶片保护酶活性等生理指标。结果表明：低温胁迫下,S-诱抗素拌种处理能显著提高玉米幼苗生长量、根系活力、叶绿素含量和保护酶活性;降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量;增加渗透调节物质还原糖和信息传递物质可溶性蛋白质的积累,且均随着S-诱抗素有效成分的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,表明S-诱抗素提高玉米耐寒性的介导调控具有一定浓度效应,整体表现为低促高抑。     

The relationship between salmonid fish densities and critical ANC at exceeded and non-exceeded stream sites in Scotland

The critical load concept is now accepted throughout Europe as a means of estimating the sensitivity of key components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric inputs of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N). Current UK freshwater maps, based on steady-state water chemistry, are derived using a critical acid neutralising capacity (ANC_LIM) value of zero eql^–1, which is based on the probability of occurrence of salmonid fish in lakes. In practice most acidification damage to salmonid fish occurs in nursery streams at the emergence and first feeding stages. In general a clear relationship exists between salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) densities in Scottish streams and ANC values. However, differences between sites depend on which ANC value is used (eg maximum, minimum or mean). By contrast, when the exceedance of critical loads is compared with salmonid densities the relationship is less clear because many exceeded sites have good salmonid densities. Many of these latter sites are found in north-west Scotland where sea-salt inputs are high and ANC is usually greater than zero eql^–1, although diatom-based studies indicated slight acidification of these waters, with a point of change in diatom flora close to ANC=20 eql^–1. These false exceedances are probably due to preferential adsorption of acidic SO₄ deposition which results in an overestimate of exceedance values. All sites with a mean ANC 0 are fishless but some sites with negative minimum ANC values had normal salmonid densities. Consequently a mean ANC_LIM value of zero in the critical load equations for UK freshwaters appears to be too low to protect salmonid stocks. Values between 20–50 eql^–1 represent a more realistic range if prevention of long term damage to salmonid stocks is to be achieved.     

羟基肉桂酸锗氮桥环化合物在乌鸡饲料中的应用

[目的]以羟基肉桂酸锗氮桥环化合物为添加剂,研究将其添加于乌鸡日粮中对乌鸡生化指标的影响。[方法]以邻、对、间羟基肉桂酸锗各40 mg/kg添加到日粮中,分别在30、60、75、90、120日龄时,测定乌鸡的体重、黑色素含量、脂肪含量。[结果]在乌鸡饲料中添加肉桂酸锗均能提高乌鸡体重,增加黑色素含量,降低脂肪含量,而邻、对、间羟基肉桂酸锗之间无显著差异。[结论]该研究为锗添加剂在乌骨鸡生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

比色法快速测定党参中二氧化硫的残留量

[目的]测定党参中二氧化硫的残留量。[方法]采用比色法快速测定党参中二氧化硫的残留量。[结果]在0.0～48.0μg/ml范围内,二氧化硫浓度与吸光度的线性关系良好,相关系数R为0.999 2,相对标准偏差在0.54%～1.66%;加标回收率为90.1%～103.7%,RSD为1.16%～5.17%(n=6),且具有良好的重现性和稳定性。应用测试结果表明,比色法的测定结果与酸蒸馏法相似。[结论]该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、干扰少,可用于党参中二氧化硫的残留量测定。     

酸雨胁迫对木荷和青冈幼苗土壤脲酶活性的影响

[目的]为了对外界因素引起的土壤环境变化提供预警。[方法]以亚热带常绿阔叶林木荷(Schima superb)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsisglauca)幼苗及无植物对照土壤体系为研究对象,研究酸雨胁迫下土壤脲酶活性的动态变化。[结果]在不同酸雨梯度的长期胁迫下,土壤脲酶活性变化有很好的季节性规律,表现为夏季明显高于春季和秋季的特点,且不同季节差异在0.01水平显著。土壤脲酶活性的最大值都出现在2009年8月,最低值出现在2007年春季。在重度酸雨pH 2.5处理下,木荷土壤脲酶活性初期无明显变化规律,后期与CK(pH 5.6)相比无显著差异;青冈土壤脲酶活性变化是促进,无明显变化,试验后期有显著的抑制作用(P0.05);无植物对照开始无明显规律,然后促进,后期显著抑制了土壤脲酶活性(P0.05)。在中度酸雨pH 4.0处理下,试验初期无明显变化规律,后期显著促进了木荷土壤脲酶活性(P0.05),显著抑制青冈土壤脲酶的活性(P0.05),无植物对照土壤脲酶活性仅在酸雨喷淋的第3年夏季有显著抑制作用(P0.05)。[结论]了解酸雨胁迫对土壤酶活性的影响需要对各种生态环境、植被、土壤因子长期的测定。     

超声辅助甲醇萃取麻疯树籽油脱酸研究

[目的]研究超声辅助甲醇萃取麻疯树籽油脱酸情况。[方法]以麻疯树籽油为原料,采用超声辅助甲醇萃取法对原料油进行预处理,分别考察了超声功率、超声时间、超声温度和醇油体积比对脱酸效果的影响。[结果]最佳萃取条件为超声功率70 W,超声时间5min,超声温度50℃,醇油体积比为2∶1,萃取次数2次。在最佳条件下可将麻疯树籽油酸值从7.58 mg KOH/g降低到1.45 mg KOH/g。[结论]超声辅助甲醇萃取法较传统的溶剂萃取法,具有工艺简单、使用有机溶剂用量少,操作时间短等优点,是一种麻疯树籽油脱酸的理想方法。     

彩色定向结构刨花板的研制

彩色定向结构刨花板（ＯＳＢ）是利用染我后的大片刨花为表层,本色刨花为芯层,施 后一次热压成型,经简单处理后用于有色彩要求的场所。本研究主要探讨染色工艺对刨花表面相对自由基浓度的影响及由此产生的对胶合性能的影响。研究结果表明,不同染料和染色工艺对刨花表面的相对自由基浓度有显著影响,染色对ＯＳＢ无不良影响